I had the good fortune to be able to live for a short while in Perth, Australia a few years ago, in a home I rented from a gentleman and his wife who used it when he spent several months a year there as a member of the Western Australian parliament. It was (and still is) a remarkable place, with "Australian mahogany" Jarrah wood floors and a big patio overlooking the Swan River. Only a block up the hill on Mount Street from the central business district, the home felt quite private, with citrus trees in the front garden. I could walk another block up Mount Street to King's Park and its 1100 acres of nature preserve. I lived there for months without ever getting into a car. My next door neighbors were two of the nicest people I've ever met - staunch political conservatives, of course, to afford the neighborhood - who introduced me to their circle of friends, a diverse set of remarkable people. Now, I still had long hair back then, well down my back, and I worked as a volunteer in an Oxfam shop downtown, unpacking boxes of stuff made by Oxfam's many hand-craft industry co-ops in India, Pakistan, Africa and other places, so the cultural acceptance of these folks was unexpected after life in the USA. (One of the highlights of my time in Perth was a party I gave on Australia Day 2003, when my "Oxfam hippie" friends from work and my neighbor's mining industry, senior government and university faculty friends (and since no party is complete without a bagpiper in full kilt, they had one, too) all bridged the so-called "Gulfs of Age and Ideology" as we watched the fireworks together and shared a really grand evening on our adjoining patios. Australia's ideological gulfs just aren't nearly as deep as those we swim in here.)
The home came fully furnished with much finer things than I've lived with before or since; the general house inventory list provided by the rental agent was over 30 pages long (I still have it somewhere) and included two complete sterling silver tea services, a shop-full of English bone chinaware, antique brass beds and an unmentionable (in terms of investment) amount of quite good original art and sculpture. And books. A small library's worth of books, many of which I read in the mornings before walking downtown to open boxes in the back room of a small charity shop. One in particular (that the owner later told me he considered a "shelf stuffer" - an old economics textbook from his college days) was, to me, especially enjoyable. "A Maritime History of Australia," by John Bach, "describes the sea-borne trade to and from Australia from around 1788 to 1974, which covers the years of European settlement." It is the only book I have ever seriously considered stealing and, since it wasn't on the inventory specifically, I could have, since it would not have been missed; I know this since I mentioned my close brush with larceny to the owners after coming back to the States and was told I should have, since they were running out of room for "good" books.. I didn't though and I am only looking through it again this evening since it was delivered to me by the home's owners, when they traveled 12,000 miles to the USA in 2006 and gave it to me during a brief visit with me in Colorado. It's remains one of my cherished possessions.
Why?
Among other attributes, the book contains a lengthy summary of ships logs from various periods and includes a detailed description of the voyages of a 135 tonne brig registered in Sydney between 1845-46. During this year, the Emma was commanded by her part-owner, "Captain Fox," and Bach's description of Emma's adventures in the onshore trade between Adelaide, Melbourne and Sydney, based upon the Captain Fox's logs and diaries provides a detailed, clear and delightful insight into life at sea at the height of the great "tall ship" and dawn-of-steam power era. It's an era I truly wish I had lived within but, since I was born on the cusp of peak oil production, I missed it and won't live to see it return. It will return sooner than later as the planet returns to a solar powered life.
An excerpt from Bach's work: "One of the most interesting things to emerge from a study of Fox's dairies is the number of other vessels he passed during his voyages. In the decade before the goldrush, it is clear, there was very active shipping trade around the southeastern corner of the Australian continent. For a two-month period in 1846 Fox remained in Sydney to get married, spend his honeymoon at Watson's Bay and to arrange accommodation. For three weeks in April and early May the shorebound mariner sat with his wife on the cliffs above Watson's Bay, in a shelter of rocks near the Inner South Head, and he recorded most if not all of the shipping movements in and out of the harbour. It is a veritable catalogue, enlarged day by day."
"For Van Dieman's Land (Tasmania) there sailed the Louisa, the steamer Shamrock, later to be forced back by a southerly gale, the Calypso, the John, the Waterlily, the Catherine and the William. In the Port Phillip and Adelaide trade he noted the Dorset, Emma, Mary White, Christina, Palmyra, Vanguard, Martha and Elizabeth, and the Coquette. Overseas ships included the Saint Vincent from London in 130 days, the brig Giraffe from China and the Governor from Manilla, the British barque Sussex, the Constant for Hong Kong, and the Midlothian and Royal Saxon, as well as to barques taking horses to India. Several other ships, including whalers, were seen to depart to the south seas."
"Even Fox, experienced mariner though he was, became excited at the sight of so many ships, and on one beautiful day in late April, as he sat with his new wife at South Head, he tried to convey his impression in the following passage:
'Before us lay the boundless Pacific Ocean now indeed deserving the name, 'deeply, darkly, beautifully blue' from the horizon's clearly defined verge, to the breakers against the perpendicular cliffs immediately beneath our feet.
Scattered over its slightly rippled surface the meridian sun shining in slendour on their white canvas were seven sail visible of all the various sizes, from the tiny cutter to the 700-tonne ships.
Three of them (Barques) had left the port this morning, the Constant for Hong Kong, Midlothian for London and Mary for New Zealand.
It was interesting to see them slowly moving away from the land on their different courses, till they appeared as mere specks on the horizon, and we were led almost involuntarily to exclaim 'how wonderful in its simplicity is that science which guides each of these ships to her far distant haven through such a trackless unmarked space.''"
"How wonderful in its simplicity is that science which guides each of these ships to her far distant haven through such a trackless unmarked space." Indeed, Captain Fox, indeed.
Thursday, November 4, 2010
Friday, August 20, 2010
* Tattoos
My oldest daughter, who ran with the early ‘punk/boarder’ crowd, is now in her 30’s. Like many in her generation, she was and is "into tattoos" and recently told me, again, that they’re her form of self expression, "just like writing is yours, dad." We have had several discussions about tattoos over the years, but she really never "won" one of them, in my 'dad-opinion' of course, until that last observation and correlation was pointed out.
Scary.
Blogging, writing occasional OpEds for the local paper, dropping a comment below an online news item, posts on FaceBook and other social networking places; even just sending emails in a world where every expression of self will live forever, really is electronic tattooing. It's fun, if you're into it, but the net result can't be positive, since one's contributions are fixed in time and people change. And God only know's what's in the ink.
I've been "online" since before the 'Net was browser-capable, thanks to a friend and fellow broadcast engineer who introduced me to early "BBS" systems and the text-based Internet back in the 1980's. Computing itself, at the personal level, was brand new in those days and the ability to network was simply amazing to me then.
The older I get, though, the weirder life becomes. I'm not sure if all this online stuff is worth a damn anymore.
Scary.
Blogging, writing occasional OpEds for the local paper, dropping a comment below an online news item, posts on FaceBook and other social networking places; even just sending emails in a world where every expression of self will live forever, really is electronic tattooing. It's fun, if you're into it, but the net result can't be positive, since one's contributions are fixed in time and people change. And God only know's what's in the ink.
I've been "online" since before the 'Net was browser-capable, thanks to a friend and fellow broadcast engineer who introduced me to early "BBS" systems and the text-based Internet back in the 1980's. Computing itself, at the personal level, was brand new in those days and the ability to network was simply amazing to me then.
The older I get, though, the weirder life becomes. I'm not sure if all this online stuff is worth a damn anymore.
Friday, May 28, 2010
* DC-10 Engines Really DID Suck
Back in the 1990's when I was flying around the world a lot - three weeks out of four, typically - bringing the Internet to Africa, Asia, Eastern Russia (Siberia) and other far-flung places, the Douglas DC-10 was the business traveller's least favorite ride, for a lot of reasons. mostly, they were rattletraps with poor ventilation, and there was always a horrible vibration on takeoff due to what pilots told me was, "an 'acceptable' amount of unbalance in the engines." This was further explained as something "caused by parts of the compressor fan blades breaking off over time, a known issue."
Today, this from the FAA, 15 years later:
Washington (CNN) -- The failure of General Electric engines on four jet aircraft overseas during the past two years has prompted the National Transportation Safety Board to issue an "urgent" recommendation to increase inspections of the engines on U.S. aircraft.
None of the incidents resulted in crashes, injuries or fatalities. But in all four cases, engine parts penetrated the engine housing.
Such "uncontained engine failures" are particularly dangerous because flying engine parts could puncture fuel or hydraulic lines, damage flight surfaces or even penetrate the fuselage and injure passengers.
At issue are General Electric CF6-45/50 series jet engines, older engines found on a small number of jets.
FAA officials said 373 of the engines are in service in the United States, on a fewer, but unknown, number of planes. The engines are used on some Airbus A300s, Boeing 747s, DC-10s, MD-10s and U.S. Air Force KC-10s.
Today, this from the FAA, 15 years later:
Washington (CNN) -- The failure of General Electric engines on four jet aircraft overseas during the past two years has prompted the National Transportation Safety Board to issue an "urgent" recommendation to increase inspections of the engines on U.S. aircraft.
None of the incidents resulted in crashes, injuries or fatalities. But in all four cases, engine parts penetrated the engine housing.
Such "uncontained engine failures" are particularly dangerous because flying engine parts could puncture fuel or hydraulic lines, damage flight surfaces or even penetrate the fuselage and injure passengers.
At issue are General Electric CF6-45/50 series jet engines, older engines found on a small number of jets.
FAA officials said 373 of the engines are in service in the United States, on a fewer, but unknown, number of planes. The engines are used on some Airbus A300s, Boeing 747s, DC-10s, MD-10s and U.S. Air Force KC-10s.
Tuesday, May 18, 2010
The Hologram
Via: Joe Bageant:
Ahhhh … Safely in the American national illusion, where all the world’s a shopping expedition. Or a terrorist threat. No matter, as long as it is colorful and wiggles on the theater state’s 400 million screens. Plug in and be lit up by the American Hologram.
This great loom of media images, and images of images, is so many layers deep that it has replaced reality. No one can remember the original imprint. If there was one. The hologram is a hermetic snow globe, a self-referential circuitry of images, and a Möbius loop from which there is no logical escape. Logic has zilch to do with what is going on. The smallest part holographically recapitulates the whole, and vice versa. No thinking required, we just cycle and recycle through an aural dimension. Not all that bad, I guess, if it were not generated by forces out to fuck every last pair of eyeballs and mind plugged into it.
The investing class has put thousands of billions into movies, TV and other media to keep the hologram lit up over the past six decades. Which is to say, keep the public in an entertained stupor, awed, mislead, and most importantly, distracted. But the payoff probably runs in the trillions.
For the clear-eyed citizen, there is a growing inner horror and despair in all this, with nowhere to turn but the Internet. The Net is a cyber reality, no more real than the hologram, and indeed a part of the hologram, though not quite yet absorbed and co-opted by capitalism. We take what relief we can find.
However, for the unquestioning rest, the hologram, taken in its entirety, constitutes the American collective consciousness. Awareness. It enshrouds every citizen, defining through its permeation the daily world in which we all operate. Whether we love or hate it, there is no escape.
Ahhhh … Safely in the American national illusion, where all the world’s a shopping expedition. Or a terrorist threat. No matter, as long as it is colorful and wiggles on the theater state’s 400 million screens. Plug in and be lit up by the American Hologram.
This great loom of media images, and images of images, is so many layers deep that it has replaced reality. No one can remember the original imprint. If there was one. The hologram is a hermetic snow globe, a self-referential circuitry of images, and a Möbius loop from which there is no logical escape. Logic has zilch to do with what is going on. The smallest part holographically recapitulates the whole, and vice versa. No thinking required, we just cycle and recycle through an aural dimension. Not all that bad, I guess, if it were not generated by forces out to fuck every last pair of eyeballs and mind plugged into it.
The investing class has put thousands of billions into movies, TV and other media to keep the hologram lit up over the past six decades. Which is to say, keep the public in an entertained stupor, awed, mislead, and most importantly, distracted. But the payoff probably runs in the trillions.
For the clear-eyed citizen, there is a growing inner horror and despair in all this, with nowhere to turn but the Internet. The Net is a cyber reality, no more real than the hologram, and indeed a part of the hologram, though not quite yet absorbed and co-opted by capitalism. We take what relief we can find.
However, for the unquestioning rest, the hologram, taken in its entirety, constitutes the American collective consciousness. Awareness. It enshrouds every citizen, defining through its permeation the daily world in which we all operate. Whether we love or hate it, there is no escape.
Monday, May 17, 2010
Cell Phones Don't Cause Brain Cancer Unless They Do
The largest study to date of the safety of mobile phones has found no clear link to brain cancer, although it said further study is merited given their increasingly intensive use.
"The study doesn't reveal an increased risk, but we can't conclude that there is no risk because there are enough findings that suggest a possible risk," the study's chief author, Elisabeth Cardis, told AFP.
Huh?
"The study doesn't reveal an increased risk, but we can't conclude that there is no risk because there are enough findings that suggest a possible risk," the study's chief author, Elisabeth Cardis, told AFP.
Huh?
Friday, March 19, 2010
* Natural Gas - The Short-term Solution For Problems We Cause?
Long relegated to special-interest Peak Oil web sites, more data indicating that the end of oil's reign as the world's energy source is at hand hits the media each day now.
The US Energy Information Administration (EIA), predicts that "global natural gas consumption will treble by 2030, when gas will become the primary energy source for industrial and public needs." Given oil's present rate of decline, it will be the only fossil energy source left for these applications. According to the Dow Jones Newswire, "Companies such as Exxon Mobil Corp.,Royal Dutch Shell PLC and ConocoPhillips are making the transition from dealing mostly in oil, a commodity that's increasingly scarce and difficult to produce, to natural gas, a fuel that's suddenly become ubiquitous. Their profits, which can reach unfathomably high levels during good times, are likely to go down accordingly, executives and analysts say. So will the companies' adventurous ventures in the deep waters and in dangerous regions of the globe. The industry now needs to learn the shale gas business, which has played a major role in spurring the transition and which can only be profitable if it runs like an assembly line. "It's a manufacturing industry, and it's not at all what we're doing at Total, " said Patrick Pouyanne, senior vice president for strategy business development at Total S.A., which recently entered into a shale gas joint venture in the U.S. and is acquiring shale positions in France, Denmark, Argentina and North Africa."
The observation by Total that natural gas "can only be profitable if it runs like an assembly line," makes note to the fact new shale gas wells must be drilled constantly, since while their production is prolific at first, it is brief (80% declines in the first year are common, with 30% declines in the second year from that lower level). Gushing industry statements about "100 to 300 year supplies" are not based on these observed declines, since the technology of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing is simply too new to provide actual knowledge of actual long term average "frac" well production capability. There are also potentially serious issues with groundwater pollution that may be caused by these new hydraulic shale fracturing processes which have yet to be investigated due to rules passed during the Bush administration which basically exempted shale gas drilling from EPA regulation. No matter - given declining supplies of oil and geographically-limited coal reserves, it appears the decision has been made to make natural gas into the replacement for oil and coal in ground transportation and baseload electric generating plant energy.
Due to the cost of new gas well drilling and the fracturing processes involved and the fact that this process must remain ongoing (the "assembly line" technique), to continue to free trapped shale gas deposits, the wholesale cost of natural gas must be above $6 per million BTU for any profits to permit further exploitation. Presently, the perceived abundance of shale gas and the recession have lowered prices to under $4 MMBTU and drilling has declined dramatically over the past year. Since the IEA announcement doubling its estimate of global gas reserves, gas price futures have continued to fall.
Natural gas profits are far lower than oil profits. The funds needed to cover the costs of converting the nation's automotive and trucking fleet and its national refueling infrastructure from a well-established, room-temperature, atmospheric-pressure-stable liquid fuel to LNG, liquefied natural gas, which requires high pressure (2400psi) transport and storage from source to end use in transportation, will have to be paid by someone. These multi-billion dollar new infrastructure requirements will increase the cost everything, from vehicles themselves to their fuel. Transportation costs will increase significantly over the coming years regardless of the oil or LNG mix. Until a large demand for liquefied natural gas is established, the low wholesale cost for gas will make tapping these estimated reserves possible only with large subsidies. Since the price for the world's remaining oil will climb ever higher as its production declines, the transnational oil firms now becoming heavily involved with gas development should be able to afford this re-investment, though you can expect them to be asking for and receiving ever more government handouts and tax breaks to offset their costs of production.
Due to it's lower energy density, natural gas has little present application in powering global ship transport, nor can it be used in the aviation industry. LNG, burned optimally at sea level, delivers 75,000 BTU/gallon, while jet fuel and bunker oil offer 128,000 -140,000 BTU/gallon . LNG delivers a bit more than half of the energy per gallon of conventional fuel. On top of this, oil products are transported and stored without special processing; they're liquid and stable at room temperature and pressure. Each gallon of LNG must be compressed to and maintained at 2400 psi. The amount of embedded energy required to simply compress natural gas at the scales required to replace oil is not insignificant.
Here's the deal: If natural gas is burned to make electricity at a baseload utility generation plant, electricity which is used to compress natural gas into LNG, only about 30% of the energy of the natural gas burned at the utility electric power plant will be converted into electricity (it's that damned 2nd Law of Thermodynamics again). The rest of the energy is lost as waste heat, little of which is used in modern utility plants, since they're located far from central cities which could use the heat in a "steam district." Of the electricity actually generated, about 18% is lost in transmission lines and transformers, again as heat, before it gets to the LNG compressor. The compressor motor loses another 20% of the energy it consumes since electric motors are only about 80% efficient. The final LNG product, while delivering 75,000 BTU/gallon, is in reality a much less efficient actual energy delivery system than the oil-based system it has been deemed to replace, since the embedded energy losses involved in making it are huge, and we've not included the further losses in transportation and delivery of LNG, nor the energy required to convert the world's transportation system from oil to the high-pressure reality LNG requires.
Globally, the world's largest reserves of natural gas are in ... wait for it ... Iran. According to Canada's Global Research, "Within the Middle East, Iran is the undisputed top holder of gas reserves. Its South Pars gas field is the world’s largest. If converted to barrel-of-oil equivalents, Iran’s South Pars would dwarf the reserves of Saudi Arabia’s giant Ghawar oilfield. The latter is the world’s largest oilfield and since it came into operation in 1948, Ghawar has effectively been the world’s beating heart for raw energy supply. In the soon-to-come era of natural gas dominance over oil, Iran will oust Saudi Arabia as the world’s beating heart for energy. The scheduled start of drilling this month by China National Petroleum Company (CNPC) in Iran’s South Pars gas field could be both a harbinger and explanation of much wider geopolitical developments. The $5 billion project – signed last year after years of foot dragging by western energy giants Total and Shell under the shadow of US-led sanctions – reveals the main arterial system for future world energy supply and demand."
"Critics have long suspected that the real reason for US and other western military involvement in Iraq and Afghanistan is to control the Central Asian energy corridor. So far, the focus seems to be mainly on oil. But the CNPC-Iranian partnership shows is that natural gas is the bigger prize that will be pivotal to the world economy, and specifically the dual flow of this fuel westwards and eastwards from Central Asia to Europe and China."
The only things really known for certain are: Gas, while "cleaner-burning" than oil (and coal) due to its lower number of hydrogen-carbon bonds, which serve up not only less energy but less carbon dioxide, still increases carbon levels in the atmosphere. To obtain the same amount of transportation energy, more gas or LNG must be burned by volume than oil (~58% more, to equal a gallon of gasoline's energy) and a lot of energy will be required to compress and process the gas into LNG, further lowering the overall efficiency of gas as an oil replacement. "Clean burning gas" offers some advantage to oil environmentally, but on a mass scale, atmospheric carbon levels will continue to rise, since the world's transportation system will continue mining and burning stuff that has been sequestered in the earth for a hundred million years, releasing its carbon content into the air.
Sadly, the massive push behind natural gas development worldwide will likely again slow down the further development and mass deployment of carbon-free renewable energy technology. Every delay in the deployment of real renewable energy technology pushes this deployment further into a more energy starved future, lowering the probability that enough renewable energy technology can and will be deployed to provide continuation of modern civilization on a mass scale. Renewable energy sources in the modern sense all require a lot of embedded fossil energy in their own development, manufacture, transport to market and deployment - as these fossil sources grow more expensive and unreliable in availability, the window to deploy them in renewable energy manufacturing grows smaller, since competition for these ancient BTU will only increase.
All things considered, the accepted paradigm of easy, fossil energy powered exponential economic growth, and the corresponding exponential population growth this energy made possible, still appears to be ending rapidly since, on the scale needed to replace oil, natural gas and its processing and infrastructure requirements as a transport fuel won't come cheap enough, nor be widespread enough, to offset the collapse in both cheap, reliable oil production and the mass civilization that has grown up around cheap, reliably-available oil.
The US Energy Information Administration (EIA), predicts that "global natural gas consumption will treble by 2030, when gas will become the primary energy source for industrial and public needs." Given oil's present rate of decline, it will be the only fossil energy source left for these applications. According to the Dow Jones Newswire, "Companies such as Exxon Mobil Corp.,Royal Dutch Shell PLC and ConocoPhillips are making the transition from dealing mostly in oil, a commodity that's increasingly scarce and difficult to produce, to natural gas, a fuel that's suddenly become ubiquitous. Their profits, which can reach unfathomably high levels during good times, are likely to go down accordingly, executives and analysts say. So will the companies' adventurous ventures in the deep waters and in dangerous regions of the globe. The industry now needs to learn the shale gas business, which has played a major role in spurring the transition and which can only be profitable if it runs like an assembly line. "It's a manufacturing industry, and it's not at all what we're doing at Total, " said Patrick Pouyanne, senior vice president for strategy business development at Total S.A., which recently entered into a shale gas joint venture in the U.S. and is acquiring shale positions in France, Denmark, Argentina and North Africa."
The observation by Total that natural gas "can only be profitable if it runs like an assembly line," makes note to the fact new shale gas wells must be drilled constantly, since while their production is prolific at first, it is brief (80% declines in the first year are common, with 30% declines in the second year from that lower level). Gushing industry statements about "100 to 300 year supplies" are not based on these observed declines, since the technology of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing is simply too new to provide actual knowledge of actual long term average "frac" well production capability. There are also potentially serious issues with groundwater pollution that may be caused by these new hydraulic shale fracturing processes which have yet to be investigated due to rules passed during the Bush administration which basically exempted shale gas drilling from EPA regulation. No matter - given declining supplies of oil and geographically-limited coal reserves, it appears the decision has been made to make natural gas into the replacement for oil and coal in ground transportation and baseload electric generating plant energy.
Due to the cost of new gas well drilling and the fracturing processes involved and the fact that this process must remain ongoing (the "assembly line" technique), to continue to free trapped shale gas deposits, the wholesale cost of natural gas must be above $6 per million BTU for any profits to permit further exploitation. Presently, the perceived abundance of shale gas and the recession have lowered prices to under $4 MMBTU and drilling has declined dramatically over the past year. Since the IEA announcement doubling its estimate of global gas reserves, gas price futures have continued to fall.
Natural gas profits are far lower than oil profits. The funds needed to cover the costs of converting the nation's automotive and trucking fleet and its national refueling infrastructure from a well-established, room-temperature, atmospheric-pressure-stable liquid fuel to LNG, liquefied natural gas, which requires high pressure (2400psi) transport and storage from source to end use in transportation, will have to be paid by someone. These multi-billion dollar new infrastructure requirements will increase the cost everything, from vehicles themselves to their fuel. Transportation costs will increase significantly over the coming years regardless of the oil or LNG mix. Until a large demand for liquefied natural gas is established, the low wholesale cost for gas will make tapping these estimated reserves possible only with large subsidies. Since the price for the world's remaining oil will climb ever higher as its production declines, the transnational oil firms now becoming heavily involved with gas development should be able to afford this re-investment, though you can expect them to be asking for and receiving ever more government handouts and tax breaks to offset their costs of production.
Due to it's lower energy density, natural gas has little present application in powering global ship transport, nor can it be used in the aviation industry. LNG, burned optimally at sea level, delivers 75,000 BTU/gallon, while jet fuel and bunker oil offer 128,000 -140,000 BTU/gallon . LNG delivers a bit more than half of the energy per gallon of conventional fuel. On top of this, oil products are transported and stored without special processing; they're liquid and stable at room temperature and pressure. Each gallon of LNG must be compressed to and maintained at 2400 psi. The amount of embedded energy required to simply compress natural gas at the scales required to replace oil is not insignificant.
Here's the deal: If natural gas is burned to make electricity at a baseload utility generation plant, electricity which is used to compress natural gas into LNG, only about 30% of the energy of the natural gas burned at the utility electric power plant will be converted into electricity (it's that damned 2nd Law of Thermodynamics again). The rest of the energy is lost as waste heat, little of which is used in modern utility plants, since they're located far from central cities which could use the heat in a "steam district." Of the electricity actually generated, about 18% is lost in transmission lines and transformers, again as heat, before it gets to the LNG compressor. The compressor motor loses another 20% of the energy it consumes since electric motors are only about 80% efficient. The final LNG product, while delivering 75,000 BTU/gallon, is in reality a much less efficient actual energy delivery system than the oil-based system it has been deemed to replace, since the embedded energy losses involved in making it are huge, and we've not included the further losses in transportation and delivery of LNG, nor the energy required to convert the world's transportation system from oil to the high-pressure reality LNG requires.
Globally, the world's largest reserves of natural gas are in ... wait for it ... Iran. According to Canada's Global Research, "Within the Middle East, Iran is the undisputed top holder of gas reserves. Its South Pars gas field is the world’s largest. If converted to barrel-of-oil equivalents, Iran’s South Pars would dwarf the reserves of Saudi Arabia’s giant Ghawar oilfield. The latter is the world’s largest oilfield and since it came into operation in 1948, Ghawar has effectively been the world’s beating heart for raw energy supply. In the soon-to-come era of natural gas dominance over oil, Iran will oust Saudi Arabia as the world’s beating heart for energy. The scheduled start of drilling this month by China National Petroleum Company (CNPC) in Iran’s South Pars gas field could be both a harbinger and explanation of much wider geopolitical developments. The $5 billion project – signed last year after years of foot dragging by western energy giants Total and Shell under the shadow of US-led sanctions – reveals the main arterial system for future world energy supply and demand."
"Critics have long suspected that the real reason for US and other western military involvement in Iraq and Afghanistan is to control the Central Asian energy corridor. So far, the focus seems to be mainly on oil. But the CNPC-Iranian partnership shows is that natural gas is the bigger prize that will be pivotal to the world economy, and specifically the dual flow of this fuel westwards and eastwards from Central Asia to Europe and China."
The only things really known for certain are: Gas, while "cleaner-burning" than oil (and coal) due to its lower number of hydrogen-carbon bonds, which serve up not only less energy but less carbon dioxide, still increases carbon levels in the atmosphere. To obtain the same amount of transportation energy, more gas or LNG must be burned by volume than oil (~58% more, to equal a gallon of gasoline's energy) and a lot of energy will be required to compress and process the gas into LNG, further lowering the overall efficiency of gas as an oil replacement. "Clean burning gas" offers some advantage to oil environmentally, but on a mass scale, atmospheric carbon levels will continue to rise, since the world's transportation system will continue mining and burning stuff that has been sequestered in the earth for a hundred million years, releasing its carbon content into the air.
Sadly, the massive push behind natural gas development worldwide will likely again slow down the further development and mass deployment of carbon-free renewable energy technology. Every delay in the deployment of real renewable energy technology pushes this deployment further into a more energy starved future, lowering the probability that enough renewable energy technology can and will be deployed to provide continuation of modern civilization on a mass scale. Renewable energy sources in the modern sense all require a lot of embedded fossil energy in their own development, manufacture, transport to market and deployment - as these fossil sources grow more expensive and unreliable in availability, the window to deploy them in renewable energy manufacturing grows smaller, since competition for these ancient BTU will only increase.
All things considered, the accepted paradigm of easy, fossil energy powered exponential economic growth, and the corresponding exponential population growth this energy made possible, still appears to be ending rapidly since, on the scale needed to replace oil, natural gas and its processing and infrastructure requirements as a transport fuel won't come cheap enough, nor be widespread enough, to offset the collapse in both cheap, reliable oil production and the mass civilization that has grown up around cheap, reliably-available oil.
Friday, February 26, 2010
* On Buying the Right Boiler ... technical stuff but, if you heat your home, maybe worth a look...
This article was written for our local newspaper, after I was called in to evaluate problems several local people were having in their new heating systems recently.
Over the past few years there have been remarkable developments in gas fired hydronic heating system boiler technology. These new condensing boilers cost about twice as much as an old-style cast iron boiler but, when installed in the proper type of heating system, can reclaim the most of the heat energy formerly lost in the water vapor component of boiler exhaust gasses. This capability, coupled with computerized burner microcontrollers that modulate or adjust the burner to the level needed to suit inside and outside temperatures, can achieve remarkable efficiencies and energy cost savings over time, savings which can quickly cover the higher cost of this new type boiler. As always, there are laws of physics which must be obeyed in order so that these boilers to "work their magic" and achieve these savings, and not all hydronic or water-based heating systems will allow these new boilers to save you a dime.
There are several types of hydronic heating designs but they all fall into one of two groups; low temperature or high temperature water systems.
In-floor radiant heating sometimes employs a “high mass radiator,” a concrete subfloor slab that is insulated from the Earth below, within which hydronic heat pipes are placed in order to heat the floor and therefore the room above, and these slabs are perfect for use with new condensing boilers, since they require very low temperature heating water. Today there are also newer, manufactured low-mass sub-floor hydronic heat radiator systems which use grooved, metallic-coated subflooring products to conduct heat from the pipes into the rooms above rapidly. These "warm board" systems work well in multi-level homes where heavy slabs might be difficult to install on upper floors.
While not as efficient in heat delivery as the above in-floor systems, contractors still often use staple-up under-floor hydronic heat systems, in which the hydronic pipes are literally stapled up on the underside of a standard wooden sub floor, since these systems are inexpensive to install in new homes. Personally, I don't like staple-up designs, for a couple of reasons. They require the hottest of low-temperature range water, since the radiator pipe is insulated from the heated space by the sub-floor as well as the floor covering(s) and because of this, don't deliver the efficiency of other radiant heating systems. What's saved up front, as always, is paid for over time, with interest.
Even newer to the US, but used for years in Europe, are several lines of efficient low temperature hydronic wall-mounted convector-radiators, all which use low temperature hydronic water.
All of these heating delivery systems fall into the low temperature group, and can use new condensing boilers at maximum efficiency, since all function well when the boiler temperature is set between 120 and 130 degrees Fahrenheit. After the boiler water transfers some of its heat into the living space by circulating through the hydronic under-floor or other low temperature radiators, the water returns to the boiler 10 to 20 degrees cooler than it was when it left the boiler. This relatively cool boiler environment allows a modern condensing boiler to deliver its rated 95%+ efficiency in combustion and operation.
Anyone who wears glasses or ski goggles is familiar with condensation and knows you cant easily fog up your lenses on a hot summer day since it requires colder temperatures for condensation to take place. Since there is significant heat contained in a boilers exhaust gas water vapor, today’s highly efficient boilers reclaim most of that heat by passing the exhaust gas through a special heat exchanger inside the boiler water jacket, where the vapor condenses back into a liquid, losing its heat in what is called a phase change. Here’s the critical design factor: If the hydronic water surrounding the heat exchanger is warmer than 130 degrees, the dew-point of the exhaust gas water vapor, the vapor will not condense and release its latent heat into the hydronic water. Instead, the water vapor and heat will just go up the chimney and the expensive new boiler will perform no better than a cheap, conventional iron boiler.
Since at our altitude, the overall efficiency of energy transfer from burning gas into a cast iron boiler’s hydronic water jacket is about 65% and a well designed condensing boiler system will operate at 93% to 95%, the monthly energy cost savings or loss of them with an improper design and improper matching of the boiler to the heating system - are significant.
High temperature hydronic systems, typically zero-mass finned-tube baseboard radiator-convectors and forced hot air fan coil systems, require much hotter hydronic water than in-floor and other low temperature radiators, by design. Developed before boilers could safely condense and high temperature water was mandatory, baseboard fin-tubes and forced air systems require 180 degree water to operate at their designed heat transfer rates. After some of the heat energy is transferred to the living space, the water returns to the boiler, but this return water is still quite hot, generally no lower than 160 degrees Fahrenheit. This is far too hot to allow a condensing boiler to do its job.
The difference in the water temperatures required by the two types of heating systems is vital to note when the buying and matching a boiler and the radiating portion of the homes heating system. Since a modern condensing boiler will cost twice as much as an old fashioned cast iron boiler, using one in the wrong heating application, where its performance is no better than the old fashioned boiler, is a huge waste of money.
Can a regular iron boiler be operated at lower temperatures with low temperature radiators? Yes, but when exhaust gas condenses inside an iron boiler and metal chimney flue, the resulting liquid will quickly dissolve and ruin the boiler, since the exhaust condensate water is highly acidic. Condensing boilers have been designed using corrosive-resistant stainless steel heat exchangers and they drain the condensate water away through a lime or other alkaline neutralizer before the acid-neutralized condensation water is placed into the home’s sewer system. Conventional cast iron gas boilers must be operated at temperatures considerably above the exhaust gas dew point of 130 degrees, to expressly prevent condensation within the boiler and the chimney flue.
I have been recently asked to look at several heating systems recently that had been upgraded with new, expensive condensing boilers but were delivering no energy cost savings.
In one case, an old iron boiler had been replaced with an expensive new condensing boiler feeding a typical high temperature baseboard / forced air heating system which, since it required 180 degree water, could not take advantage of the boilers efficient capabilities. At another home, an expensive, new condensing boiler had been installed with a new hot water baseboard heating system; resulting in a low temperature condensing boiler trying to work in a high temperature heating application. Each system would have been better served with a conventional, cheap, iron boiler since the expensive boiler was delivering the same low heat transfer efficiency as an iron boiler, which would have cost less than half as much to purchase, for the same monthly utility bills.
If you’re building or need to replace your homes heating system, look into low temperature hydronic radiator designs; in the floors or integrated into or even mounted on the walls, since these types of heating systems will allow that new 95% efficient boiler to actually deliver its rated savings. Another huge plus of low temperature radiant heat systems is the ease with which their heat supply can be augmented using simple solar hot water collectors, which operate optimally in the low temperature 120 -130 degree hydronic heat temperature range and, properly incorporated into a low temperature radiant system, can easily cut monthly heat bills in this climate by another 50%.
If you’re installing hydronic baseboard fin-tube radiator or hydronic fan coil / forced air heat, skip the condensing boiler entirely, since it will never perform better than a conventional cast iron boiler and, when your monthly heat costs are 25%-35% higher than your neighbor who uses a low temperature system, the $2500 or so savings on the iron boiler will pay for a few of those higher monthly bills.
Over the past few years there have been remarkable developments in gas fired hydronic heating system boiler technology. These new condensing boilers cost about twice as much as an old-style cast iron boiler but, when installed in the proper type of heating system, can reclaim the most of the heat energy formerly lost in the water vapor component of boiler exhaust gasses. This capability, coupled with computerized burner microcontrollers that modulate or adjust the burner to the level needed to suit inside and outside temperatures, can achieve remarkable efficiencies and energy cost savings over time, savings which can quickly cover the higher cost of this new type boiler. As always, there are laws of physics which must be obeyed in order so that these boilers to "work their magic" and achieve these savings, and not all hydronic or water-based heating systems will allow these new boilers to save you a dime.
There are several types of hydronic heating designs but they all fall into one of two groups; low temperature or high temperature water systems.
In-floor radiant heating sometimes employs a “high mass radiator,” a concrete subfloor slab that is insulated from the Earth below, within which hydronic heat pipes are placed in order to heat the floor and therefore the room above, and these slabs are perfect for use with new condensing boilers, since they require very low temperature heating water. Today there are also newer, manufactured low-mass sub-floor hydronic heat radiator systems which use grooved, metallic-coated subflooring products to conduct heat from the pipes into the rooms above rapidly. These "warm board" systems work well in multi-level homes where heavy slabs might be difficult to install on upper floors.
While not as efficient in heat delivery as the above in-floor systems, contractors still often use staple-up under-floor hydronic heat systems, in which the hydronic pipes are literally stapled up on the underside of a standard wooden sub floor, since these systems are inexpensive to install in new homes. Personally, I don't like staple-up designs, for a couple of reasons. They require the hottest of low-temperature range water, since the radiator pipe is insulated from the heated space by the sub-floor as well as the floor covering(s) and because of this, don't deliver the efficiency of other radiant heating systems. What's saved up front, as always, is paid for over time, with interest.
Even newer to the US, but used for years in Europe, are several lines of efficient low temperature hydronic wall-mounted convector-radiators, all which use low temperature hydronic water.
All of these heating delivery systems fall into the low temperature group, and can use new condensing boilers at maximum efficiency, since all function well when the boiler temperature is set between 120 and 130 degrees Fahrenheit. After the boiler water transfers some of its heat into the living space by circulating through the hydronic under-floor or other low temperature radiators, the water returns to the boiler 10 to 20 degrees cooler than it was when it left the boiler. This relatively cool boiler environment allows a modern condensing boiler to deliver its rated 95%+ efficiency in combustion and operation.
Anyone who wears glasses or ski goggles is familiar with condensation and knows you cant easily fog up your lenses on a hot summer day since it requires colder temperatures for condensation to take place. Since there is significant heat contained in a boilers exhaust gas water vapor, today’s highly efficient boilers reclaim most of that heat by passing the exhaust gas through a special heat exchanger inside the boiler water jacket, where the vapor condenses back into a liquid, losing its heat in what is called a phase change. Here’s the critical design factor: If the hydronic water surrounding the heat exchanger is warmer than 130 degrees, the dew-point of the exhaust gas water vapor, the vapor will not condense and release its latent heat into the hydronic water. Instead, the water vapor and heat will just go up the chimney and the expensive new boiler will perform no better than a cheap, conventional iron boiler.
Since at our altitude, the overall efficiency of energy transfer from burning gas into a cast iron boiler’s hydronic water jacket is about 65% and a well designed condensing boiler system will operate at 93% to 95%, the monthly energy cost savings or loss of them with an improper design and improper matching of the boiler to the heating system - are significant.
High temperature hydronic systems, typically zero-mass finned-tube baseboard radiator-convectors and forced hot air fan coil systems, require much hotter hydronic water than in-floor and other low temperature radiators, by design. Developed before boilers could safely condense and high temperature water was mandatory, baseboard fin-tubes and forced air systems require 180 degree water to operate at their designed heat transfer rates. After some of the heat energy is transferred to the living space, the water returns to the boiler, but this return water is still quite hot, generally no lower than 160 degrees Fahrenheit. This is far too hot to allow a condensing boiler to do its job.
The difference in the water temperatures required by the two types of heating systems is vital to note when the buying and matching a boiler and the radiating portion of the homes heating system. Since a modern condensing boiler will cost twice as much as an old fashioned cast iron boiler, using one in the wrong heating application, where its performance is no better than the old fashioned boiler, is a huge waste of money.
Can a regular iron boiler be operated at lower temperatures with low temperature radiators? Yes, but when exhaust gas condenses inside an iron boiler and metal chimney flue, the resulting liquid will quickly dissolve and ruin the boiler, since the exhaust condensate water is highly acidic. Condensing boilers have been designed using corrosive-resistant stainless steel heat exchangers and they drain the condensate water away through a lime or other alkaline neutralizer before the acid-neutralized condensation water is placed into the home’s sewer system. Conventional cast iron gas boilers must be operated at temperatures considerably above the exhaust gas dew point of 130 degrees, to expressly prevent condensation within the boiler and the chimney flue.
I have been recently asked to look at several heating systems recently that had been upgraded with new, expensive condensing boilers but were delivering no energy cost savings.
In one case, an old iron boiler had been replaced with an expensive new condensing boiler feeding a typical high temperature baseboard / forced air heating system which, since it required 180 degree water, could not take advantage of the boilers efficient capabilities. At another home, an expensive, new condensing boiler had been installed with a new hot water baseboard heating system; resulting in a low temperature condensing boiler trying to work in a high temperature heating application. Each system would have been better served with a conventional, cheap, iron boiler since the expensive boiler was delivering the same low heat transfer efficiency as an iron boiler, which would have cost less than half as much to purchase, for the same monthly utility bills.
If you’re building or need to replace your homes heating system, look into low temperature hydronic radiator designs; in the floors or integrated into or even mounted on the walls, since these types of heating systems will allow that new 95% efficient boiler to actually deliver its rated savings. Another huge plus of low temperature radiant heat systems is the ease with which their heat supply can be augmented using simple solar hot water collectors, which operate optimally in the low temperature 120 -130 degree hydronic heat temperature range and, properly incorporated into a low temperature radiant system, can easily cut monthly heat bills in this climate by another 50%.
If you’re installing hydronic baseboard fin-tube radiator or hydronic fan coil / forced air heat, skip the condensing boiler entirely, since it will never perform better than a conventional cast iron boiler and, when your monthly heat costs are 25%-35% higher than your neighbor who uses a low temperature system, the $2500 or so savings on the iron boiler will pay for a few of those higher monthly bills.
Monday, October 12, 2009
Energy Crisis Postponed Thanks To Shale Gas Fracking
Too bad it takes so much water and pollutes so much more... but if we're going to keep the bubble going, all this new gas reserve is mandatory. Oh .. Global Warming? It's on.
By Ambrose Evans-Pritchard
Published: 5:47PM BST 11 Oct 2009 Telegraph
America is not going to bleed its wealth importing fuel. Russia's grip on Europe's gas will weaken. Improvident Britain may avoid paralysing blackouts by mid-decade after all.
The World Gas Conference in Buenos Aires last week was one of those events that shatter assumptions. Advances in technology for extracting gas from shale and methane beds have quickened dramatically, altering the global balance of energy faster than almost anybody expected.
Tony Hayward, BP's chief executive, said proven natural gas reserves around the world have risen to 1.2 trillion barrels of oil equivalent, enough for 60 years' supply – and rising fast.
"There has been a revolution in the gas fields of North America. Reserve estimates are rising sharply as technology unlocks unconventional resources," he said.
This is almost unknown to the public, despite the efforts of Nick Grealy at "No Hot Air" who has been arguing for some time that Britain's shale reserves could replace declining North Sea output.
Rune Bjornson from Norway's StatoilHydro said exploitable reserves are much greater than supposed just three years ago and may meet global gas needs for generations.
"The common wisdom was that unconventional gas was too difficult, too expensive and too demanding," he said, according to Petroleum Economist. "This has changed. If we ever doubted that gas was the fuel of the future – in many ways there's the answer."
The breakthrough has been to combine 3-D seismic imaging with new technologies to free "tight gas" by smashing rocks, known as hydro-fracturing or "fracking" in the trade.
The US is leading the charge. Operations in Pennsylvania and Texas have already been sufficient to cut US imports of liquefied natural gas (LGN) from Trinidad and Qatar to almost nil, with knock-on effects for the global gas market – and crude oil. It is one reason why spot prices for some LNG deliveries have dropped to 50pc of pipeline contracts.
Energy bulls gambling that the world economy will soon resume its bubble trajectory need to remember two facts: industrial production over the last year is still down 19pc in Japan, 18pc in Italy, 17pc in Germany, 15pc in Canada, 13pc in France and Russia. 11pc in the US and the UK and 10pc in Brazil. A 12pc rise in China does not offset this.
OPEC states are cheating on quota cuts. Non-compliance has fallen to 62pc from 82pc in March. Iran, Nigeria, Venezuela et al face a budget crunch. Why comply when non-OPEC Russia is pumping at breakneck speed?
The US Energy Department expects shale to meet half of US gas demand within 20 years, if not earlier. Projects are cranking up in eastern France and Poland. Exploration is under way in Australia, India and China.
Texas A&M University said US methods could increase global gas reserves by nine times to 16,000 TCF (trillion cubic feet). Almost a quarter is in China but it may lack the water resources to harness the technology given the depletion of the North China water basin.
Needless to say, the Kremlin is irked. "There's a lot of myths about shale production," said Gazprom's Alexander Medvedev.
If the new forecasts are accurate, Gazprom is not going to be the perennial cash cow funding Russia's great power resurgence. Russia's budget may be in structural deficit.
As for the US, we may soon be looking at an era when gas, wind and solar power, combined with a smarter grid and a switch to electric cars returns the country to near energy self-sufficiency.
This has currency implications. If you strip out the energy deficit, America's vaulting savings rate may soon bring the current account back into surplus – and that is going to come at somebody else's expense, chiefly Japan, Germany and, up to a point, China.
Shale gas is undoubtedly messy. Millions of gallons of water mixed with sand, hydrochloric acid and toxic chemicals are blasted at rocks. This is supposed to happen below the water basins but accidents have been common. Pennsylvania's eco-police have shut down a Cabot Oil & Gas operation after 8,000 gallons of chemicals spilled into a stream.
Nor is it exactly green. Natural gas has much lower CO2 emissions than coal, even from shale – which is why the Sierra Club is backing it as the lesser of evils against "clean coal" (not yet a reality). The US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission said America may not need any new coal or nuclear plants "ever" again.
I am not qualified to judge where gas excitement crosses into hyperbole. I pass on the story because the claims of BP and Statoil are so extraordinary that we may need to rewrite the geo-strategy textbooks for the next half century.
By Ambrose Evans-Pritchard
Published: 5:47PM BST 11 Oct 2009 Telegraph
America is not going to bleed its wealth importing fuel. Russia's grip on Europe's gas will weaken. Improvident Britain may avoid paralysing blackouts by mid-decade after all.
The World Gas Conference in Buenos Aires last week was one of those events that shatter assumptions. Advances in technology for extracting gas from shale and methane beds have quickened dramatically, altering the global balance of energy faster than almost anybody expected.
Tony Hayward, BP's chief executive, said proven natural gas reserves around the world have risen to 1.2 trillion barrels of oil equivalent, enough for 60 years' supply – and rising fast.
"There has been a revolution in the gas fields of North America. Reserve estimates are rising sharply as technology unlocks unconventional resources," he said.
This is almost unknown to the public, despite the efforts of Nick Grealy at "No Hot Air" who has been arguing for some time that Britain's shale reserves could replace declining North Sea output.
Rune Bjornson from Norway's StatoilHydro said exploitable reserves are much greater than supposed just three years ago and may meet global gas needs for generations.
"The common wisdom was that unconventional gas was too difficult, too expensive and too demanding," he said, according to Petroleum Economist. "This has changed. If we ever doubted that gas was the fuel of the future – in many ways there's the answer."
The breakthrough has been to combine 3-D seismic imaging with new technologies to free "tight gas" by smashing rocks, known as hydro-fracturing or "fracking" in the trade.
The US is leading the charge. Operations in Pennsylvania and Texas have already been sufficient to cut US imports of liquefied natural gas (LGN) from Trinidad and Qatar to almost nil, with knock-on effects for the global gas market – and crude oil. It is one reason why spot prices for some LNG deliveries have dropped to 50pc of pipeline contracts.
Energy bulls gambling that the world economy will soon resume its bubble trajectory need to remember two facts: industrial production over the last year is still down 19pc in Japan, 18pc in Italy, 17pc in Germany, 15pc in Canada, 13pc in France and Russia. 11pc in the US and the UK and 10pc in Brazil. A 12pc rise in China does not offset this.
OPEC states are cheating on quota cuts. Non-compliance has fallen to 62pc from 82pc in March. Iran, Nigeria, Venezuela et al face a budget crunch. Why comply when non-OPEC Russia is pumping at breakneck speed?
The US Energy Department expects shale to meet half of US gas demand within 20 years, if not earlier. Projects are cranking up in eastern France and Poland. Exploration is under way in Australia, India and China.
Texas A&M University said US methods could increase global gas reserves by nine times to 16,000 TCF (trillion cubic feet). Almost a quarter is in China but it may lack the water resources to harness the technology given the depletion of the North China water basin.
Needless to say, the Kremlin is irked. "There's a lot of myths about shale production," said Gazprom's Alexander Medvedev.
If the new forecasts are accurate, Gazprom is not going to be the perennial cash cow funding Russia's great power resurgence. Russia's budget may be in structural deficit.
As for the US, we may soon be looking at an era when gas, wind and solar power, combined with a smarter grid and a switch to electric cars returns the country to near energy self-sufficiency.
This has currency implications. If you strip out the energy deficit, America's vaulting savings rate may soon bring the current account back into surplus – and that is going to come at somebody else's expense, chiefly Japan, Germany and, up to a point, China.
Shale gas is undoubtedly messy. Millions of gallons of water mixed with sand, hydrochloric acid and toxic chemicals are blasted at rocks. This is supposed to happen below the water basins but accidents have been common. Pennsylvania's eco-police have shut down a Cabot Oil & Gas operation after 8,000 gallons of chemicals spilled into a stream.
Nor is it exactly green. Natural gas has much lower CO2 emissions than coal, even from shale – which is why the Sierra Club is backing it as the lesser of evils against "clean coal" (not yet a reality). The US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission said America may not need any new coal or nuclear plants "ever" again.
I am not qualified to judge where gas excitement crosses into hyperbole. I pass on the story because the claims of BP and Statoil are so extraordinary that we may need to rewrite the geo-strategy textbooks for the next half century.
Thursday, October 1, 2009
Solar Thermal Energy in the Desert? Not So Hot
Source: New York Times
By TODD WOODY
AMARGOSA VALLEY, Nev. — In a rural corner of Nevada reeling from the recession, a bit of salvation seemed to arrive last year. A German developer, Solar Millennium, announced plans to build two large solar farms here that would harness the sun to generate electricity, creating hundreds of jobs.
But then things got messy. The company revealed that its preferred method of cooling the power plants would consume 1.3 billion gallons of water a year, about 20 percent of this desert valley’s available water.
Now Solar Millennium finds itself in the midst of a new-age version of a Western water war. The public is divided, pitting some people who hope to make money selling water rights to the company against others concerned about the project’s impact on the community and the environment.
“I’m worried about my well and the wells of my neighbors,” George Tucker, a retired chemical engineer, said on a blazing afternoon.
Here is an inconvenient truth about renewable energy: It can sometimes demand a huge amount of water. Many of the proposed solutions to the nation’s energy problems, from certain types of solar farms to biofuel refineries to cleaner coal plants, could consume billions of gallons of water every year.
“When push comes to shove, water could become the real throttle on renewable energy,” said Michael E. Webber, an assistant professor at the University of Texas in Austin who studies the relationship between energy and water.
Conflicts over water could shape the future of many energy technologies. The most water-efficient renewable technologies are not necessarily the most economical, but water shortages could give them a competitive edge.
In California, solar developers have already been forced to switch to less water-intensive technologies when local officials have refused to turn on the tap. Other big solar projects are mired in disputes with state regulators over water consumption.
To date, the flashpoint for such conflicts has been the Southwest, where dozens of multibillion-dollar solar power plants are planned for thousands of acres of desert. While most forms of energy production consume water, its availability is especially limited in the sunny areas that are otherwise well suited for solar farms.
At public hearings from Albuquerque to San Luis Obispo, Calif., local residents have sounded alarms over the impact that this industrialization will have on wildlife, their desert solitude and, most of all, their water.
Joni Eastley, chairwoman of the county commission in Nye County, Nev., which includes Amargosa Valley, said at one hearing that her area had been “inundated” with requests from renewable energy developers that “far exceed the amount of available water.”
Many projects involve building solar thermal plants, which use cheaper technology than the solar panels often seen on roofs. In such plants, mirrors heat a liquid to create steam that drives an electricity-generating turbine. As in a fossil fuel power plant, that steam must be condensed back to water and cooled for reuse.
The conventional method is called wet cooling. Hot water flows through a cooling tower where the excess heat evaporates along with some of the water, which must be replenished constantly. An alternative, dry cooling, uses fans and heat exchangers, much like a car’s radiator. Far less water is consumed, but dry cooling adds costs and reduces efficiency — and profits.
The efficiency problem is especially acute with the most tried-and-proven technique, using mirrors arrayed in long troughs. “Trough technology has been more financeable, but now trough presents a separate risk — water,” said Nathaniel Bullard, a solar analyst with New Energy Finance, a London research firm.
That could provide opportunities for developers of photovoltaic power plants, which take the type of solar panels found on residential rooftops and mount them on the ground in huge arrays. They are typically more expensive and less efficient than solar thermal farms but require a relatively small amount of water, mainly to wash the panels.
In California alone, plans are under way for 35 large-scale solar projects that, in bright sunshine, would generate 12,000 megawatts of electricity, equal to the output of about 10 nuclear power plants.
Their water use would vary widely. BrightSource Energy’s dry-cooled Ivanpah project in Southern California would consume an estimated 25 million gallons a year, mainly to wash mirrors. But a wet-cooled solar trough power plant barely half Ivanpah’s size proposed by the Spanish developer Abengoa Solar would draw 705 million gallons of water in an area of the Mojave Desert that receives scant rainfall.
One of the most contentious disputes is over a proposed wet-cooled trough plant that NextEra Energy Resources, a subsidiary of the utility giant FPL Group, plans to build in a dry area east of Bakersfield, Calif.
NextEra wants to tap freshwater wells to supply the 521 million gallons of cooling water the plant, the Beacon Solar Energy Project, would consume in a year, despite a state policy against the use of drinking-quality water for power plant cooling.
Mike Edminston, a city council member from nearby California City, warned at a hearing that groundwater recharge was already “not keeping up with the utilization we have.”
The fight over water has moved into the California Legislature, where a bill has been introduced to allow renewable energy power plants to use drinking water for cooling if certain conditions are met.
“By allowing projects to use fresh water, the bill would remove any incentives that developers have to use technologies that minimize water use,” said Terry O’Brien, a California Energy Commission deputy director.
NextEra has resisted using dry cooling but is considering the feasibility of piping in reclaimed water. “At some point if costs are just layered on, a project becomes uncompetitive,” said Michael O’Sullivan, a senior vice president at NextEra.
Water disputes forced Solar Millennium to abandon wet cooling for a proposed solar trough power plant in Ridgecrest, Calif., after the water district refused to supply the 815 million gallons of water a year the project would need. The company subsequently proposed to dry cool two other massive Southern California solar trough farms it wants to build in the Mojave Desert.
“We will not do any wet cooling in California,” said Rainer Aringhoff, president of Solar Millennium’s American operations. “There are simply no plants being permitted here with wet cooling.”
One solar developer, BrightSource Energy, hopes to capitalize on the water problem with a technology that focuses mirrors on a tower, producing higher-temperature steam than trough systems. The system can use dry cooling without suffering a prohibitive decline in power output, said Tom Doyle, an executive vice president at BrightSource.
The greater water efficiency was one factor that led VantagePoint Venture Partners, a Silicon Valley venture capital firm, to invest in BrightSource. “Our approach is high sensitivity to water use,” said Alan E. Salzman, VantagePoint’s chief executive. “We thought that was going to be huge differentiator.”
Even solar projects with low water consumption face hurdles, however. Tessera Solar is planning a large project in the California desert that would use only 12 million gallons annually, mostly to wash mirrors. But because it would draw upon a severely depleted aquifer, Tessera may have to buy rights to 10 times that amount of water and then retire the pumping rights to the water it does not use. For a second big solar farm, Tessera has agreed to fund improvements to a local irrigation district in exchange for access to reclaimed water.
“We have a challenge in finding water even though we’re low water use,” said Sean Gallagher, a Tessera executive. “It forces you to do some creative deals.”
In the Amargosa Valley, Solar Millennium may have to negotiate access to water with scores of individuals and companies who own the right to stick a straw in the aquifer, so to speak, and withdraw a prescribed amount of water each year.
“There are a lot of people out here for whom their water rights are their life savings, their retirement,” said Ed Goedhart, a local farmer and state legislator, as he drove past pockets of sun-beaten mobile homes and luminescent patches of irrigated alfalfa. Farmers will be growing less of the crop, he said, if they decide to sell their water rights to Solar Millennium.
“We’ll be growing megawatts instead of alfalfa,” Mr. Goedhart said.
While water is particularly scarce in the West, it is becoming a problem all over the country as the population grows. Daniel M. Kammen, director of the Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley, predicted that as intensive renewable energy development spreads, water issues will follow.
“When we start getting 20 percent, 30 percent or 40 percent of our power from renewables,” Mr. Kammen said, “water will be a key issue.”
By TODD WOODY
AMARGOSA VALLEY, Nev. — In a rural corner of Nevada reeling from the recession, a bit of salvation seemed to arrive last year. A German developer, Solar Millennium, announced plans to build two large solar farms here that would harness the sun to generate electricity, creating hundreds of jobs.
But then things got messy. The company revealed that its preferred method of cooling the power plants would consume 1.3 billion gallons of water a year, about 20 percent of this desert valley’s available water.
Now Solar Millennium finds itself in the midst of a new-age version of a Western water war. The public is divided, pitting some people who hope to make money selling water rights to the company against others concerned about the project’s impact on the community and the environment.
“I’m worried about my well and the wells of my neighbors,” George Tucker, a retired chemical engineer, said on a blazing afternoon.
Here is an inconvenient truth about renewable energy: It can sometimes demand a huge amount of water. Many of the proposed solutions to the nation’s energy problems, from certain types of solar farms to biofuel refineries to cleaner coal plants, could consume billions of gallons of water every year.
“When push comes to shove, water could become the real throttle on renewable energy,” said Michael E. Webber, an assistant professor at the University of Texas in Austin who studies the relationship between energy and water.
Conflicts over water could shape the future of many energy technologies. The most water-efficient renewable technologies are not necessarily the most economical, but water shortages could give them a competitive edge.
In California, solar developers have already been forced to switch to less water-intensive technologies when local officials have refused to turn on the tap. Other big solar projects are mired in disputes with state regulators over water consumption.
To date, the flashpoint for such conflicts has been the Southwest, where dozens of multibillion-dollar solar power plants are planned for thousands of acres of desert. While most forms of energy production consume water, its availability is especially limited in the sunny areas that are otherwise well suited for solar farms.
At public hearings from Albuquerque to San Luis Obispo, Calif., local residents have sounded alarms over the impact that this industrialization will have on wildlife, their desert solitude and, most of all, their water.
Joni Eastley, chairwoman of the county commission in Nye County, Nev., which includes Amargosa Valley, said at one hearing that her area had been “inundated” with requests from renewable energy developers that “far exceed the amount of available water.”
Many projects involve building solar thermal plants, which use cheaper technology than the solar panels often seen on roofs. In such plants, mirrors heat a liquid to create steam that drives an electricity-generating turbine. As in a fossil fuel power plant, that steam must be condensed back to water and cooled for reuse.
The conventional method is called wet cooling. Hot water flows through a cooling tower where the excess heat evaporates along with some of the water, which must be replenished constantly. An alternative, dry cooling, uses fans and heat exchangers, much like a car’s radiator. Far less water is consumed, but dry cooling adds costs and reduces efficiency — and profits.
The efficiency problem is especially acute with the most tried-and-proven technique, using mirrors arrayed in long troughs. “Trough technology has been more financeable, but now trough presents a separate risk — water,” said Nathaniel Bullard, a solar analyst with New Energy Finance, a London research firm.
That could provide opportunities for developers of photovoltaic power plants, which take the type of solar panels found on residential rooftops and mount them on the ground in huge arrays. They are typically more expensive and less efficient than solar thermal farms but require a relatively small amount of water, mainly to wash the panels.
In California alone, plans are under way for 35 large-scale solar projects that, in bright sunshine, would generate 12,000 megawatts of electricity, equal to the output of about 10 nuclear power plants.
Their water use would vary widely. BrightSource Energy’s dry-cooled Ivanpah project in Southern California would consume an estimated 25 million gallons a year, mainly to wash mirrors. But a wet-cooled solar trough power plant barely half Ivanpah’s size proposed by the Spanish developer Abengoa Solar would draw 705 million gallons of water in an area of the Mojave Desert that receives scant rainfall.
One of the most contentious disputes is over a proposed wet-cooled trough plant that NextEra Energy Resources, a subsidiary of the utility giant FPL Group, plans to build in a dry area east of Bakersfield, Calif.
NextEra wants to tap freshwater wells to supply the 521 million gallons of cooling water the plant, the Beacon Solar Energy Project, would consume in a year, despite a state policy against the use of drinking-quality water for power plant cooling.
Mike Edminston, a city council member from nearby California City, warned at a hearing that groundwater recharge was already “not keeping up with the utilization we have.”
The fight over water has moved into the California Legislature, where a bill has been introduced to allow renewable energy power plants to use drinking water for cooling if certain conditions are met.
“By allowing projects to use fresh water, the bill would remove any incentives that developers have to use technologies that minimize water use,” said Terry O’Brien, a California Energy Commission deputy director.
NextEra has resisted using dry cooling but is considering the feasibility of piping in reclaimed water. “At some point if costs are just layered on, a project becomes uncompetitive,” said Michael O’Sullivan, a senior vice president at NextEra.
Water disputes forced Solar Millennium to abandon wet cooling for a proposed solar trough power plant in Ridgecrest, Calif., after the water district refused to supply the 815 million gallons of water a year the project would need. The company subsequently proposed to dry cool two other massive Southern California solar trough farms it wants to build in the Mojave Desert.
“We will not do any wet cooling in California,” said Rainer Aringhoff, president of Solar Millennium’s American operations. “There are simply no plants being permitted here with wet cooling.”
One solar developer, BrightSource Energy, hopes to capitalize on the water problem with a technology that focuses mirrors on a tower, producing higher-temperature steam than trough systems. The system can use dry cooling without suffering a prohibitive decline in power output, said Tom Doyle, an executive vice president at BrightSource.
The greater water efficiency was one factor that led VantagePoint Venture Partners, a Silicon Valley venture capital firm, to invest in BrightSource. “Our approach is high sensitivity to water use,” said Alan E. Salzman, VantagePoint’s chief executive. “We thought that was going to be huge differentiator.”
Even solar projects with low water consumption face hurdles, however. Tessera Solar is planning a large project in the California desert that would use only 12 million gallons annually, mostly to wash mirrors. But because it would draw upon a severely depleted aquifer, Tessera may have to buy rights to 10 times that amount of water and then retire the pumping rights to the water it does not use. For a second big solar farm, Tessera has agreed to fund improvements to a local irrigation district in exchange for access to reclaimed water.
“We have a challenge in finding water even though we’re low water use,” said Sean Gallagher, a Tessera executive. “It forces you to do some creative deals.”
In the Amargosa Valley, Solar Millennium may have to negotiate access to water with scores of individuals and companies who own the right to stick a straw in the aquifer, so to speak, and withdraw a prescribed amount of water each year.
“There are a lot of people out here for whom their water rights are their life savings, their retirement,” said Ed Goedhart, a local farmer and state legislator, as he drove past pockets of sun-beaten mobile homes and luminescent patches of irrigated alfalfa. Farmers will be growing less of the crop, he said, if they decide to sell their water rights to Solar Millennium.
“We’ll be growing megawatts instead of alfalfa,” Mr. Goedhart said.
While water is particularly scarce in the West, it is becoming a problem all over the country as the population grows. Daniel M. Kammen, director of the Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley, predicted that as intensive renewable energy development spreads, water issues will follow.
“When we start getting 20 percent, 30 percent or 40 percent of our power from renewables,” Mr. Kammen said, “water will be a key issue.”
Saturday, September 19, 2009
* Global Warming Solved, Results Automatic
Updated 9/19/09
According to the Sept. 16th edition of Bloomberg, " the average world ocean temperature from June through August was the warmest since 1880 for any Northern Hemisphere summer, according to the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration."
"In June, the U.S. Global Change Research Program said global warming is causing drought, rising sea levels and flooding from heavy rainfall in the U.S., threatening agriculture, coastal regions, water resources and public health. This group said in 2007 global emissions need to be cut by 50 percent to 85 percent by 2050 to stand a chance of keeping the global temperature increase to 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit since industrialization in the 1800s, which might be enough to prevent the worst case scenarios of rising sea levels and collapse of established agriculture. The U.S. Congress is debating legislation to create a cap- and-trade program that would set an overall carbon dioxide limit. UN-sponsored talks among 192 nations aim to draft a new treaty to fight climate change in December in Copenhagen. "
Somebody really needs to introduce the global warming scientists to the oil industry’s geologists. Perhaps these folks could all drive over the Starbucks for a coffee, since they really should chat a bit.
If one knows anything about the well established concept of “Peak Oil,” and we’re talking about a concept that’s been around and proven correct many times on less-than-global-scale since it was introduced in the late 1950’s by Shell’s Dr. M. K. Hubbart, all of this global warming planning is, at best, silly and at worst, a borderline-criminal diversion of resources and capital.
Global Warming - caused by man's burning of fossil fuels, if that's what causes it - is a self-healing wound, thanks to already-declining global oil production.
Since oil was first produced commercially 150 years ago, the planet’s oil reserves have been developed along an exponential rate along the growth side of a standard bell curve. (Exponential, until one reaches the top, or peak, of the bell, that is.) Most petroleum geologists and senior oil executives agree that Dr. Hubbert was correct in his calculations back in the 1950's, and that humanity has reached the top of oil’s global production curve. This is called "peak oil." All it means is that from this point on, we'll discover and produce less than we already have.
According to the International Energy Agency (AEI) and now, the US government's equivalent oil watchdog, global production has recently turned around and is now declining globally at a rate of 6.7% annually. This obviously means there will be about 7% less oil burned per year from now on, until this resource, petroleum, is totally depleted at some point in the not too distant future.
Global Warming, ostensibly caused by carbon emissions from ships, planes, automobiles, trucks and diesel trains - the planet's engines of commerce - and by the burning of coal (and gas) to produce electricity - requires no complex cap and trade marketplace or conservation efforts to solve.
Conservation - lowered carbon emissions - from now on will be automatic, whether we humans like it or not.
Civilization will pollute less, since we’re now producing less petroleum each year. We’ll burn less coal, since the entire modern pollution economy starts with and is maintained by oil. It cannot grow - or even survive on a mass scale - with less of the stuff coming out of the ground every year.
If the goal is to reduce carbon emission by 85% by 2050 and oil production is declining at about 7% a year now as we roll over the top of a bell curve, which means production decline will increase even more as we slide down the other side - simple arithmetic indicates that this significant conservation goal by the Global Wamers will be no problem to achieve. We'll exceed the goal substantially, since they're actually planning to burn more oil than there is in the pipeline with a 2050 deadline.
Here's the math: At today's rates of decline, the people of the planet can only burn 93% of the oil this year that we did a year ago. If the total oil burned last year is assigned a value of 100%, in only 10 years, by 2020, the global oil production capability will have declined to only about 40% of last year’s total capability (assuming a nice 7% annual decline and not a more accelerated slope). That’s a 60% decline in just 10 years.
By 2030, global oil production capability will be less than 25% of today’s levels, a 75% decline in only 20 years.
Reduce consumption by 85% by 2050? No Problem. There simply will not be an oil based energy supply available by that time. Perhaps whatever military powers remain may still be fighting over the remaining crude, using “strategic petroleum reserves.” This is not to say the people living under these regimes will have access to oil or a modern economy; strategic oil will be reserved for the military (and ultra elite class, if such a class remains outside of the military and paramilitary class by then.)
Global Warming is a self healing wound. These are, therefore, the good old days. The best of old days. There’s no reason to spend any time or money on “conservation” when supplies are limited by nature. Why further enrich the non-oil-producing elite class through cap and trade schemes that simply shovel what's left of the world's wealth into their coffers? Somebody tell Al Gore to pipe down. If he really cared about the state of civilization, he'd be talking about life after peak energy. Post-Peak-Oil .. is forever. At this point, it’s probably wiser to enjoy the amazing mass luxury we have available and let the planet take care of itself.
Perhaps civilized humanity has a place on the planet after 2030 or so, perhaps not.With our future as a civilization for now still based on cheap, reliable oil energy, the future we have expected all our lives simply won't happen as we've been led to believe it would.
Given this reality; that these days are the best of the good old days, we probably should do exactly what the ultra-elite has been doing - accumulating as much of everything as we can, while we can, and damn the debt service, since there will never be more ease in most people's lives - ever - as time marches on into an oil starved future.
When conservation is automatic, like it is now that we're "over the top," what's the point of voluntary cutting back? To leave more for the rich people, who'll be able to afford it long after we can't?
Life is Good, as they say, and it will never be materially richer for more people than it is today. After all, when the financial class figures out nobody's going to be able to repay a 30 year mortgage, the credit squeeze of the past year will seem no worse than a teenage zit on a long-forgotten date night.
Nothing can be done about peak oil, but it does eliminate having to worry about the Global Warming problem.
Finally. Some good news.
This is the last time I'm going to write about this topic, unless someone comes up with some facts that change the situation. Frankly, I'm pleased to have been able to sort this out, primarily for myself (so I can construct my own thoughts with a bit more of a quality standard than writing them in a personal diary requires) and be able to end the monologue on a positive note for now :-) sunny
According to the Sept. 16th edition of Bloomberg, " the average world ocean temperature from June through August was the warmest since 1880 for any Northern Hemisphere summer, according to the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration."
"In June, the U.S. Global Change Research Program said global warming is causing drought, rising sea levels and flooding from heavy rainfall in the U.S., threatening agriculture, coastal regions, water resources and public health. This group said in 2007 global emissions need to be cut by 50 percent to 85 percent by 2050 to stand a chance of keeping the global temperature increase to 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit since industrialization in the 1800s, which might be enough to prevent the worst case scenarios of rising sea levels and collapse of established agriculture. The U.S. Congress is debating legislation to create a cap- and-trade program that would set an overall carbon dioxide limit. UN-sponsored talks among 192 nations aim to draft a new treaty to fight climate change in December in Copenhagen. "
Somebody really needs to introduce the global warming scientists to the oil industry’s geologists. Perhaps these folks could all drive over the Starbucks for a coffee, since they really should chat a bit.
If one knows anything about the well established concept of “Peak Oil,” and we’re talking about a concept that’s been around and proven correct many times on less-than-global-scale since it was introduced in the late 1950’s by Shell’s Dr. M. K. Hubbart, all of this global warming planning is, at best, silly and at worst, a borderline-criminal diversion of resources and capital.
Global Warming - caused by man's burning of fossil fuels, if that's what causes it - is a self-healing wound, thanks to already-declining global oil production.
Since oil was first produced commercially 150 years ago, the planet’s oil reserves have been developed along an exponential rate along the growth side of a standard bell curve. (Exponential, until one reaches the top, or peak, of the bell, that is.) Most petroleum geologists and senior oil executives agree that Dr. Hubbert was correct in his calculations back in the 1950's, and that humanity has reached the top of oil’s global production curve. This is called "peak oil." All it means is that from this point on, we'll discover and produce less than we already have.
According to the International Energy Agency (AEI) and now, the US government's equivalent oil watchdog, global production has recently turned around and is now declining globally at a rate of 6.7% annually. This obviously means there will be about 7% less oil burned per year from now on, until this resource, petroleum, is totally depleted at some point in the not too distant future.
Global Warming, ostensibly caused by carbon emissions from ships, planes, automobiles, trucks and diesel trains - the planet's engines of commerce - and by the burning of coal (and gas) to produce electricity - requires no complex cap and trade marketplace or conservation efforts to solve.
Conservation - lowered carbon emissions - from now on will be automatic, whether we humans like it or not.
Civilization will pollute less, since we’re now producing less petroleum each year. We’ll burn less coal, since the entire modern pollution economy starts with and is maintained by oil. It cannot grow - or even survive on a mass scale - with less of the stuff coming out of the ground every year.
If the goal is to reduce carbon emission by 85% by 2050 and oil production is declining at about 7% a year now as we roll over the top of a bell curve, which means production decline will increase even more as we slide down the other side - simple arithmetic indicates that this significant conservation goal by the Global Wamers will be no problem to achieve. We'll exceed the goal substantially, since they're actually planning to burn more oil than there is in the pipeline with a 2050 deadline.
Here's the math: At today's rates of decline, the people of the planet can only burn 93% of the oil this year that we did a year ago. If the total oil burned last year is assigned a value of 100%, in only 10 years, by 2020, the global oil production capability will have declined to only about 40% of last year’s total capability (assuming a nice 7% annual decline and not a more accelerated slope). That’s a 60% decline in just 10 years.
By 2030, global oil production capability will be less than 25% of today’s levels, a 75% decline in only 20 years.
Reduce consumption by 85% by 2050? No Problem. There simply will not be an oil based energy supply available by that time. Perhaps whatever military powers remain may still be fighting over the remaining crude, using “strategic petroleum reserves.” This is not to say the people living under these regimes will have access to oil or a modern economy; strategic oil will be reserved for the military (and ultra elite class, if such a class remains outside of the military and paramilitary class by then.)
Global Warming is a self healing wound. These are, therefore, the good old days. The best of old days. There’s no reason to spend any time or money on “conservation” when supplies are limited by nature. Why further enrich the non-oil-producing elite class through cap and trade schemes that simply shovel what's left of the world's wealth into their coffers? Somebody tell Al Gore to pipe down. If he really cared about the state of civilization, he'd be talking about life after peak energy. Post-Peak-Oil .. is forever. At this point, it’s probably wiser to enjoy the amazing mass luxury we have available and let the planet take care of itself.
Perhaps civilized humanity has a place on the planet after 2030 or so, perhaps not.With our future as a civilization for now still based on cheap, reliable oil energy, the future we have expected all our lives simply won't happen as we've been led to believe it would.
Given this reality; that these days are the best of the good old days, we probably should do exactly what the ultra-elite has been doing - accumulating as much of everything as we can, while we can, and damn the debt service, since there will never be more ease in most people's lives - ever - as time marches on into an oil starved future.
When conservation is automatic, like it is now that we're "over the top," what's the point of voluntary cutting back? To leave more for the rich people, who'll be able to afford it long after we can't?
Life is Good, as they say, and it will never be materially richer for more people than it is today. After all, when the financial class figures out nobody's going to be able to repay a 30 year mortgage, the credit squeeze of the past year will seem no worse than a teenage zit on a long-forgotten date night.
Nothing can be done about peak oil, but it does eliminate having to worry about the Global Warming problem.
Finally. Some good news.
This is the last time I'm going to write about this topic, unless someone comes up with some facts that change the situation. Frankly, I'm pleased to have been able to sort this out, primarily for myself (so I can construct my own thoughts with a bit more of a quality standard than writing them in a personal diary requires) and be able to end the monologue on a positive note for now :-) sunny
